CAPPADOCIA

Cappadocia became part of the Hittite Empire in the 2nd millennium BC. J. - C.: they establish their capital Hattusha there (current Boğazkale, better known under its previous name Boğazköy, sometimes noted with the French spelling Boghaz Keui). The region is then a traditional area of ​​trade with the Assyrians, because of its mines (gold, silver, copper), as evidenced in particular by the very numerous cuneiform tablets discovered on the site of the Hittite city of Kanesh (currently Kültepe ); the region, then inhabited by the Louvites, appears on certain tablets under the name of Kitsuvatna1. Around 1200 BC. AD, the Hittite Empire collapsed, invaded by the Peoples of the sea and the Phrygians. Around 1100 BC. AD, Cappadocia was conquered by the Assyrian king Téglath-Phalasar Ier. In the ninth century BC. AD, it was taken over by the Phrygians, then was dominated by Lydia from 696 BC. Then come the Medes (to the northeast) and the Cimmerians (to the southwest), who make some forays into the rest of the country in the years 650--630. In 546 BC. AD, Cappadocia was conquered by Cyrus the Great and joined the Persian Empire. At the end of the 6th century BC. Darius includes it in the third satrapy.
The Persians call the country Katpatuka ("country of purebred horses", dubious etymology especially as the region has never been famous for its horses. Researcher Olivier Casabone (IFEA 2016) suggests the transcription of Katpatuka in "country of plains from below ”), from which the toponym“ Cappadocia ”is directly derived; the Greeks, for their part, give the Cappadocians the name "White Syrians" (Λευκόσυροι). Although vassal of the Persian Empire, Cappadocia continues to be governed by its own leaders, organized in a feudal-type aristocracy. In 330 BC. AD, it became independent under King Ariarath I, who symbolically recognized the suzerainty of Alexander the Great and founded a dynasty.

A period of drought in the sixteenth century dried up most of the underground sources and forced the majority of the Christian population to leave the area; in any case, many Cappadocians switch to Islam and the Turkish language to no longer pay the haraç: tax on non-Muslims, and to no longer suffer the devchirmed: kidnapping of boys for the body of the Janissaries. Among those who remained Christians, an intermediate language between Greek and Turkish, the Cappadocian, developed.

In the 18th century, the last troglodyte hermitages were abandoned. At the same time, the grand vizier, Damat İbrahim Pasha, made his hometown, Nevşehir, the regional capital that it is still today. On the religious level, Cappadocia is home to many dervish and Alevi communities.

Les volcans Erciyes (l'ancien mont Argée ou Argyros : « argenté » en grec), Hasan et Göllü Dağ (en) entrèrent en éruption au Miocène supérieur (dix millions d'années) jusqu'au Pliocène (deux millions d'années). Ces éruptions ainsi que l'apparition de volcans de moindre importance au fil des millénaires générèrent une superposition de strates d'ignimbrites plus ou moins denses. En particulier, au début du Quaternaire, des laves basaltiques beaucoup plus dures se déposèrent. Quelques éruptions eurent encore lieu ultérieurement, notamment en , semble-t-il. Les dépôts du mont Erciyes ont couvert à eux seuls une superficie de 10 000 km2, sur une épaisseur variant entre 100 et 500 mètres.
Sous l'effet des glaciations de l'ère néozoïque, la croûte de basalte s'est lézardée, le sol s'est désagrégé, permettant à l'eau de s'infiltrer et d'accentuer encore l'érosion. Quand le tuf est très tendre, il se désagrège totalement pour former une plaine poussiéreuse, tandis que sur les reliefs pentus, l'érosion crée canyons, mesas, cônes, pitons et cheminées de fée12.Le paysage de Cappadoce présente donc une morphologie se caractérisant pour l'essentiel par des plateaux formés par les cendres et les boues rejetées par les volcans avoisinants, des gorges, des cheminées de fées, ainsi que de grandes plaines constituées de résidus volcaniques. De nos jours, l'érosion continue : les pitons et les cônes actuels sont donc voués à disparaître, mais d'autres se dégagent peu à peu en bordure des plateaux.

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